NABTEB GCE 2025 Civic Education Answers

NABTEB GCE CIVIC EDUCATION QUESTION BELOW | NABTEB GCE 2025 Civic Education Answers

NABTEB GCE CIVIC EDUCATION (TYPE A)
01-10: DBAADDACBA
11-20: CACDDBBDCC
21-30: AAABDCDACB
31-40: CACACBABCC
41-50: BDACCAAACB

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NABTEB GCE 2025 CIVIC EDUCATION ANSWERS (TYPE A)

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FOUR QUESTIONS ONLY, AT LEAST ONE QUESTION FROM EACH PART.

PART I

(1a)
(i) Peer influence and pressure: Many students join cults because they feel pressured by friends or senior students who are already members. The desire to belong to a group, avoid rejection, or gain acceptance pushes them to join. Some students may also fear intimidation from cult members, making them feel that joining is the only way to stay safe within the school environment.
(ii) Search for protection and power: Some students believe cult groups provide physical protection against bullies, rival students, or external threats. They view cult membership as a means of gaining power, influence, and control. This feeling of superiority and security becomes attractive, especially in environments where violence, harassment, or insecurity is common.
(iii) Desire for social recognition and identity: Cult groups often portray themselves as powerful, influential, and respected on campus. Students who feel inferior, unnoticed, or lack confidence may join cults to gain a sense of identity, recognition, and a sense of belonging. The idea of being feared, respected, or admired by others becomes a motivating factor.

(1b)
(i) Enactment and enforcement of anti-cultism laws: The government has passed laws that criminalize cultism and prescribe penalties such as imprisonment, fines, and community service for anyone proven guilty. These laws are enforced through security agencies to deter students and citizens from participating in cult activities. The legal framework is designed to weaken cult operations and ensure public safety.
(ii) Establishment of security presence in schools: Government policies mandate the deployment of security personnel, such as police patrols, school security units, and anti-cultism squads, to monitor and curb cult activities. This policy helps in detecting early signs of cult operations, preventing violent attacks, and reducing the influence of cult groups within educational institutions.
(iii) Implementation of awareness and anti-cult education programs: The government introduces public enlightenment campaigns, school seminars, and community sensitization programs that educate students and citizens on the dangers of cultism. This policy aims to promote moral values, discourage violence, and help young people make responsible choices. It also encourages reporting of suspicious activities and supports the rehabilitation of former cult members.
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(2a)
(i) Respect for authority
(ii) Low crime rate
(iii) Effective judicial system
(iv) Protection of human rights
(v) Peaceful coexistence

(2b)
(i) Respect for authority: In a society that exhibits law and order, citizens obey lawful instructions given by recognized authorities such as the government, law enforcement agencies, and community leaders. People acknowledge these institutions as responsible for maintaining peace and stability. This respect ensures smooth governance, prevents conflicts between citizens and authorities, and encourages cooperation during law enforcement activities.
(ii) Low crime rate: A society with law and order has fewer incidents of criminal activities such as theft, robbery, assault, or vandalism. This is because laws are properly enforced, criminals are discouraged through effective punishment, and citizens are educated about lawful behaviour. A low crime rate creates a safe environment where people can move freely, conduct business, and live without fear.
(iii) Effective judicial system: Such a society has a functional and fair judicial system that resolves disputes promptly and delivers justice without bias. Courts operate efficiently, legal procedures are transparent, and both offenders and victims receive fair treatment. When justice is predictable and reliable, citizens gain confidence in the legal system and are discouraged from taking the law into their own hands.
(iv) Protection of human rights: Law and order ensure that individuals’ rights, such as freedom of speech, movement, association, and the right to life, are respected and defended. Authorities create and enforce laws that prevent abuse, discrimination, or oppression. When human rights are protected, citizens feel valued and safe, which strengthens national unity and trust in government institutions.
(v) Peaceful coexistence: In such societies, people of different cultures, religions, social backgrounds, and opinions live together harmoniously. Laws promote tolerance, discourage violence, and ensure fairness in interactions. This peaceful environment reduces conflicts, encourages community cooperation, and supports economic and social development.
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PART II

(3)
(i) Improved quality of leadership: When citizens actively participate by voting, joining political discussions, monitoring government activities, or contesting for positions it increases the chances of electing competent and accountable leaders. Active participation discourages corrupt or unqualified individuals from holding office because citizens are more aware, involved, and ready to challenge poor governance. This results in better decision-making and improved development policies.
(ii) Greater accountability and transparency: Active citizens constantly monitor government actions, question irregularities, and demand explanations from public officials. This pressure reduces corruption and misuse of public resources because leaders know they are being watched. Through participation in public hearings, petitions, and community dialogues, citizens help ensure that government projects and budgets are executed honestly and efficiently.
(iii) Better representation of public needs and interests: When citizens express their views through voting, advocacy, community meetings, and civic groups, government policies are more likely to reflect real societal needs. Politicians pay attention to the demands of active citizens because they rely on their support. This ensures that government programs address issues such as education, healthcare, security, and infrastructure that matter most to the people.
(iv) Strengthening of democracy and political stability: Active participation helps sustain democratic institutions by ensuring regular elections, peaceful power transitions, and respect for the rule of law. When citizens engage positively in politics, it reduces political violence, promotes unity, and increases trust in the electoral system. A politically active population helps prevent dictatorship or military takeover by maintaining a strong democratic culture.
(v) Enhanced national development: A society where citizens contribute ideas, criticize constructively, join community development projects, and participate in policy formulation experiences faster growth. Active citizens influence policies that promote economic progress, social equality, and improved public services. Their involvement also helps in monitoring development projects to ensure they are completed on time and meet required standards.
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(4a)
Democracy is a system of government in which the people have the supreme power to choose their leaders and influence decisions that affect their lives. It allows citizens to participate directly or indirectly in governance through voting, representation, and freedom of expression. In a democracy, the rule of law, equality, and protection of individual rights are upheld.

(4b)
(i) Direct Democracy: Direct democracy is a system in which citizens participate personally and directly in making laws and decisions without the use of representatives. People gather, discuss issues, and vote on policies themselves. This type is mostly practiced in small communities or countries where the population is small enough for everyone to be involved.
(ii) Indirect (Representative) Democracy: Indirect democracy is a system where citizens elect representatives who make laws and decisions on their behalf. This is the form practiced in most modern nations including Nigeria. People vote during elections to choose leaders who will represent their interests in government institutions such as parliament, state assemblies, or local councils.

(4c)
(i) Job creation through industrial and agricultural development: By investing in industries, manufacturing, and modernizing agriculture, more employment opportunities will be created for the population. When people get stable jobs, their income increases, reducing poverty and improving living standards.
(ii) Improving access to quality education and skill acquisition: Providing free or affordable education and creating more vocational training centres will help citizens gain marketable skills. Educated and skilled individuals have better chances of securing good jobs or starting businesses, which helps lift families out of poverty.
(iii) Provision of financial support and loans for small businesses: Offering low-interest loans, grants, and business training to small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) enables people to start or expand their businesses. When small businesses grow, they create jobs and reduce dependency, thereby lowering poverty levels.
(iv) Investment in infrastructure and public services: Developing roads, electricity, water supply, healthcare, and communication systems reduces the cost of living and supports economic activities. Good infrastructure attracts investors, supports trade, and improves productivity, all of which contribute to poverty reduction.
(v) Strengthening social welfare programs: Government programs such as conditional cash transfers, health insurance schemes, feeding programs, and subsidies for essential goods help support vulnerable groups. These programs reduce hardship, provide a safety net, and ensure that the poorest citizens have access to basic needs.
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PART III

(5a)
WOTCLEF stands for Women Trafficking and Child Labour Eradication Foundation.

(5b)
(i) Physical abuse and injuries
(ii) Psychological trauma
(iii) Exposure to sexually transmitted infections
(iv) Loss of personal freedom
(v) Social stigma and discrimination

(5c)
(i) Rescue and rehabilitation of victims: WOTCLEF works with law enforcement agencies to identify, rescue, and protect victims of human trafficking and child labour. After rescue, the foundation provides shelters, counselling, medical care, and emotional support. They also help victims reintegrate into society by connecting them with families, offering educational support, and preparing them for a normal social life.
(ii) Public enlightenment and awareness campaigns: The foundation organizes nationwide sensitization programs to educate the public about the dangers, signs, and consequences of human trafficking. They use radio, television, seminars, school workshops, and community meetings to inform people about how traffickers operate and how citizens can protect themselves. These campaigns reduce ignorance and discourage vulnerable individuals from falling into traffickers’ traps.
(iii) Advocacy and collaboration with government agencies: WOTCLEF plays a major role in influencing policies and laws that fight human trafficking. The organization advocates for stronger legislation and better enforcement mechanisms. Their efforts contributed to the establishment of NAPTIP (National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons). They also work with government ministries, NGOs, and international bodies to develop strategies, monitor cases, and ensure traffickers are prosecuted while victims receive justice.
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(6a)
Public Service refers to the group of government-owned institutions, ministries, departments, and agencies responsible for carrying out the policies, programs, and decisions of the government. It consists of workers who are employed to provide essential services such as education, healthcare, security, administration, and infrastructure for the benefit of the entire nation.

(6b)
(i) Corruption and lack of accountability: One major reason for shortcomings in the public service is widespread corruption among some officials. Funds meant for development projects are sometimes diverted, mismanaged, or embezzled. This reduces efficiency, delays projects, and prevents citizens from enjoying necessary services. The absence of strict accountability measures allows corrupt behaviours to continue without proper punishment.
(ii) Political interference in appointments and operations: Public service often suffers because appointments are sometimes based on political loyalty rather than merit. When unqualified individuals are placed in sensitive positions, they lack the expertise needed to perform effectively. Additionally, frequent political interference disrupts the independence and professionalism required in public institutions, leading to poor performance and reduced productivity.
(iii) Inadequate funding and poor working conditions: Many public service sectors do not receive enough financial resources to run effectively. Insufficient funding leads to a lack of equipment, outdated tools, low salaries, and poorly maintained offices. Poor working conditions discourage workers, reduce morale, and affect their willingness to perform their duties efficiently. As a result, service delivery becomes slow, ineffective, and unreliable.

(6c)
(i) Merit-based recruitment and promotion: Improving the public service requires selecting and promoting workers based strictly on qualifications, competence, and performance. When skilled and knowledgeable individuals occupy key positions, efficiency increases. Merit-based recruitment reduces political interference and ensures that only capable workers handle government responsibilities.
(ii) Strengthening anti-corruption measures: Introducing strict monitoring systems, transparent financial procedures, and effective punishment for corrupt officials will reduce corruption. Tools such as auditing, asset declaration, whistleblower protection, and digital tracking of government spending will ensure public funds are used for their intended purposes. This boosts public trust and improves service delivery.
(iii) Adequate funding and provision of modern equipment: The Government must allocate sufficient funds for the purchase of modern tools, technology, infrastructure, and overall improvement of the work environment. When public servants have access to up-to-date computers, office supplies, transportation, and an organised workplace, they perform better and faster.
(iv) Training and capacity-building programs: Regular training workshops, seminars, and professional development programs will help workers acquire new skills and adapt to modern administrative practices. Continuous training improves professionalism, strengthens decision-making ability, and helps workers serve the public more effectively. This results in a more efficient and result-oriented public service.
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